• largely focused on traditional knowledge (BAAs)

• new⁄ essentially derived varieties, exemptions, etc. not addressed

• Regime of Protection of the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples (2002)

• Indigenous groups entitled to compensation by outside parties in the form of 0.5 percent of the value of sales of any product developed from the knowledge

• "knowledge licensing contracts" with indigenous people

• Biodiversity Law (1998)
• Rules on Access to Biodiversity (2003)
• Allow IP rights on innovations that have been developed using biological material from Costa Rica, subject to a range of conditions.
• Access permits are required under three different categories: basic research, bioprospecting, and commercial economic exploitation. These require prior informed consent agreements stipulating benefit flows, including monetary and technology transfers.

• Consitution of Venezuela (1999)
• “The collective intellectual property of indigenous knowledge, technology and innovations is guaranteed and protected. Any work on genetic resources and the knowledge associated therewith shall be for the collective good. The registration of patents in those resources and ancestral knowledge is prohibited”