France: Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
Applied also to ‘agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products’, including ‘wines, grain, tobacco, leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers and flour’.
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MENDELIAN GENETICS
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1911
France: Decree introducing a Register for Newly-bred Plants
1932
Netherlands: system of seed certification established.
1953
Germany: Law on the Protection of Varieties and the Seeds of Cultivated Plants.
Promote the creation of useful new varieties of cultivated plants. A precondition for protection was that a variety should be ‘individualized’ and stable.
1957
France: Convention to consider establishing an international regime for the protection of plant varieties.
Final Act, adopted on 11 May 1957, recognized the legitimacy of breeders’ rights and established, as the preconditions for protection, that a variety had to be distinct from pre-existing varieties and sufficiently homogenous and stable in its essential characteristics.
1961 (UPOV)
Each Member to recognize the right of the breeder…by the grant of a special title of protection or a patent. Nevertheless, a Member State of the Union, whose national law admits of protection under both these forms may only provide one of them for one and the same genus or species.’
1968 (UPOV)
Ratified; 3 members (UK, Germany, Netherlands)
1972 (UPOV)
Revised...to arrange the financial contribution rates of member states.
Ratified; 9 members (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK) --> 'Western⁄ Developed' Europe