• Increases costs of protected products--may be priced beyond the reach of the poor.
•           FOOD SECURITY risks.
• Shifts bargaining power toward producers of knowledge rather than users.
• CENTRALIZATION⁄ CONCENTRATION of food production industries.
• Allows broad patents that may discourage follow-on inventions and slow the overall pace of innovation.
• Increases the knowledge gap between industrial and developing countries.
• Allows industrial countries to take advantage of indigenous (traditional) knowledge and natural products without compensation to local communities.